home/diploma/lws_root/thesis/literature/literature.bib

@inproceedings{prasi02,
    author = {Prasithsangaree, P. and Krishnamurthy, P. and Chrysanthis, P.},
    journal = {Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2002. The 13th IEEE International Symposium on},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    pages = {720--724 vol.2},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 13:07:00},
    priority = {2},
    title = {On indoor position location with wireless {LANs}},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2002}
}

@phdthesis{klepal2003,
    author = {Klepal, Martin},
    keywords = {overview},
    location = {Prague},
    priority = {2},
    school = {Czech Technical University},
    title = {Novel Approach to Indoor Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Modelling},
    year = {2003}
}

@inproceedings{radar2000,
    author = {Bahl, Paramvir and Padmanabhan, Venkata N.},
    booktitle = {INFOCOM (2)},
    citeulike-article-id = {812897},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.39.9348},
    keywords = {overview},
    pages = {775--784},
    posted-at = {2012-01-20 12:57:26},
    priority = {2},
    title = {RADAR: An In-Building {RF}-Based User Location and Tracking System},
    year = {2000}
}

@article{photon2011,
    author = {Schmitz, Arne and Kobbelt, Leif},
    citeulike-article-id = {10258935},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.graphics.rwth-aachen.de/uploads/media/schmitz\_2011\_iceaa.pdf},
    day = {12},
    journal = {Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA)},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    month = sep,
    pages = {323--326},
    posted-at = {2012-01-24 10:05:38},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Efficient and Accurate
Urban Outdoor Radio Wave Propagation},
    year = {2011}
}

@inproceedings{photon2012,
    author = {Schmitz, Arne and Karolski, Thomas and Kobbelt, Leif},
    citeulike-article-id = {10261358},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.graphics.rwth-aachen.de/uploads/media/schmitz\_2011\_rws.pdf},
    day = {15},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    location = {Santa Clara},
    month = jan,
    organization = {IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium},
    posted-at = {2012-01-24 14:35:33},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Using Spherical Harmonics for Modeling Antenna Patterns},
    year = {2012}
}

@misc{Roweis99,
    author = {Sam Roweis and Zoubin Ghahramani},
    title = {A Unifying Review of Linear Gaussian Models},
    year = {1999}
}
@book{figu10,
    author = {João Figueiras and Simone Frattasi},
    title = {Mobile Positioning and Tracking},
    year = {2010},
    publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
}


@book{bishop06,
    abstract = {{The dramatic growth in practical applications for machine learning over the last ten years has been accompanied by many important developments in the underlying algorithms and techniques. For example, Bayesian methods have grown from a specialist niche to become mainstream, while graphical models have emerged as a general framework for describing and applying probabilistic techniques. The practical applicability of Bayesian methods has been greatly enhanced by the development of a range of approximate inference algorithms such as variational Bayes and expectation propagation, while new models based on kernels have had a significant impact on both algorithms and applications. This completely new textbook reflects these recent developments while providing a comprehensive introduction to the fields of pattern recognition and machine learning. It is aimed at advanced undergraduates or first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. No previous knowledge of pattern recognition or machine learning concepts is assumed. Familiarity with multivariate calculus and basic linear algebra is required, and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful though not essential as the book includes a self-contained introduction to basic probability theory. The book is suitable for courses on machine learning, statistics, computer science, signal processing, computer vision, data mining, and bioinformatics. Extensive support is provided for course instructors, including more than 400 exercises, graded according to difficulty. Example solutions for a subset of the exercises are available from the book web site, while solutions for the remainder can be obtained by instructors from the publisher. The book is supported by a great deal of additional material, and the reader is encouraged to visit the book web site for the latest information. A forthcoming companion volume will deal with practical aspects of pattern recognition and machine learning, and will include free software implementations of the key algorithms along with example data sets and demonstration programs. Christopher Bishop is Assistant Director at Microsoft Research Cambridge, and also holds a Chair in Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh. He is a Fellow of Darwin College Cambridge, and was recently elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. The author's previous textbook "Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition" has been widely adopted.}},
    author = {Bishop, Christopher M.},
    citeulike-article-id = {873540},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike09-20\&path=ASIN/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike01-21\&path=ASIN/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-10 = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71008143},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike06-21\&path=ASIN/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://www.amazon.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387310738/citeulike00-21},
    citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike07-20\&path=ASIN/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-6 = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-7 = {http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0387310738},
    citeulike-linkout-8 = {http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?keywords=0387310738\&index=books\&linkCode=qs},
    citeulike-linkout-9 = {http://www.librarything.com/isbn/0387310738},
    day = {01},
    edition = {1st ed. 2006. Corr. 2nd printing},
    howpublished = {Hardcover},
    isbn = {9780387310732},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    month = oct,
    posted-at = {2012-01-28 12:04:42},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {Pattern recognition and machine learning},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{ekf2004,
    abstract = {The extended Kalman filter ({EKF}) is probably the most widely used estimation algorithm for nonlinear systems. However, more than 35 years of experience in the estimation community has shown that is difficult to implement, difficult to tune, and only reliable for systems that are almost linear on the time scale of the updates. Many of these difficulties arise from its use of linearization. To overcome this limitation, the unscented transformation ({UT}) was developed as a method to propagate mean and covariance information through nonlinear transformations. It is more accurate, easier to implement, and uses the same order of calculations as linearization. This paper reviews the motivation, development, use, and implications of the {UT}.},
    author = {Julier, S. J. and Uhlmann, J. K.},
    citeulike-article-id = {620346},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2003.823141},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1271397},
    doi = {10.1109/JPROC.2003.823141},
    institution = {IDAK Ind., Jefferson City, MO, USA},
    issn = {0018-9219},
    journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    month = mar,
    number = {3},
    pages = {401--422},
    posted-at = {2012-01-28 12:27:09},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Unscented filtering and nonlinear estimation},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2003.823141},
    volume = {92},
    year = {2004}
}

@article{pfilter08,
    abstract = {Optimal estimation problems for non-linear {non-Gaussian} state-space models do not typically admit analytic solutions. Since their introduction in 1993, particle filtering methods have become a very popular class of algorithms to solve these estimation problems numerically in an online manner, i.e. recursively as observations become available, and are now routinely used in fields as diverse as computer vision, econometrics, robotics and navigation. The objective of this tutorial is to provide a complete, up-to-date survey of this field as of 2008. Basic and advanced particle methods for filtering as well as smoothing are presented.},
    author = {Doucet, Arnaud and Johansen, Adam M.},
    citeulike-article-id = {9086845},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.157.772},
    journal = {The Oxford Handbook of Nonlinear Filtering},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    month = dec,
    pages = {4--6},
    posted-at = {2012-01-28 15:28:07},
    priority = {2},
    title = {A tutorial on particle filtering and smoothing: fifteen years later},
    year = {2009}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ chih08,
AUTHOR = "Chih-Hao Chao and Chun-Yuan Chu and An-Yeu Wu",
TITLE = "Location-Constrained Particle Filter human positioning and tracking system.",
booktitle = "SiPS'08",
PAGES = {73-76},
YEAR = {2008}  }

@inproceedings{ji2006ariadne,
 author = {Ji, Yiming and Biaz, Sa\^{a}d and Pandey, Santosh and Agrawal, Prathima},
 title = {ARIADNE: a dynamic indoor signal map construction and localization system},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services},
 series = {MobiSys '06},
 year = {2006},
 isbn = {1-59593-195-3},
 location = {Uppsala, Sweden},
 pages = {151--164},
 numpages = {14},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1134680.1134697},
 doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1134680.1134697},
 acmid = {1134697},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA}
} 



@inproceedings{pandey05,
    abstract = {Current wireless networks that are widely deployed for various commercial applications, do not keep track of a mobile user's location. However, location information can enhance security by facilitating tracking of misbehaving users, or though implementation of location based network access. Previous work done on location estimation typically involves methods that use a lookup table comprising the client or access point signal strengths, which are collected manually at short distances throughout the site. This paper proposes a new data collection scheme for building a lookup table using client assistance in an enterprise wireless environment. In this work, a network-bused location estimation scheme is implemented using sniffers, which monitor client signal strength. It is observed that the accuracy of location estimation is improved by averaging the lookup table data collected over time. The client assisted data collection scheme can be used to frequently build lookup tables in an efficient manner and hence improve accuracy in location estimation. Thus, this scheme could be used to implement a location based security policy throughout the enterprise wireless network.},
    author = {Pandey, S. and Kim, Byungsuk and Anjum, F. and Agrawal, F.},
    citeulike-article-id = {1238645},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2005.1424675},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1424675},
    comment = {Example for using the second lowest MSE as well instead of only the LMSE.},
    doi = {10.1109/WCNC.2005.1424675},
    journal = {Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005 IEEE},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    pages = {1174--1179 Vol. 2},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 13:15:33},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Client assisted location data acquisition scheme for secure enterprise wireless networks},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2005}
}

@article{ali02,
    abstract = {The ray-tracing ({RT}) algorithm has been used for accurately predicting the site-specific radio propagation characteristics, in spite of its computational intensity. Statistical models, on the other hand, offers computational simplicity but low accuracy. In this paper, a new model is proposed for predicting the indoor radio propagation to achieve computational simplicity over the {RT} method and better accuracy than the statistical models. The new model is based on the statistical derivation of the ray-tracing operation, whose results are a number of paths between the transmitter and receiver, each path comprises a number of rays. The pattern and length of the rays in these paths are related to statistical parameters of the site-specific features of indoor environment, such as the floor plan geometry. A key equation is derived to relate the average path power to the site-specific parameters, which are: 1) mean free distance; 2) transmission coefficient; and 3) reflection coefficient. The equation of the average path power is then used to predict the received power in a typical indoor environment. To evaluate the accuracy of the new model in predicting the received power in a typical indoor environment, a comparison with {RT} results and with measurement data shows an error bound of less than 5 {dB}},
    author = {Hassan-Ali, M. and Pahlavan, K.},
    citeulike-article-id = {134785},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=975450},
    comment = {The multipath power at receiver is determined
as the sum of all individual powers regardless of the phase of
each path.},
    journal = {Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    number = {1},
    pages = {112--124},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 13:27:49},
    priority = {2},
    title = {A new statistical model for site-specific indoor radio propagation prediction based on geometric optics and geometric probability},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2002}
}

@inproceedings{hatami06,
    abstract = {First Page of the Article},
    author = {Hatami, A. and Pahlavan, K.},
    booktitle = {Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2006. CCNC 2006. 3rd IEEE},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316407},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2006.1593192},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1593192},
    doi = {10.1109/CCNC.2006.1593192},
    isbn = {1-4244-0085-6},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    month = jan,
    pages = {1018--1022},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 16:33:37},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Comparative statistical analysis of indoor positioning using empirical data and indoor radio channel models},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2006.1593192},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2006}
}

@inproceedings{kafrawy10,
    abstract = {{WLAN} {RSS}-based localization has been a hot research topic for the last years. To obtain high accuracy in the noisy wireless channel, {WLAN} location determination systems usually use a calibration phase, where a radio map, capturing the signal strength signatures at different locations in the area of interest, is built. The radio map construction process takes a lot of time and effort, reducing the value of {WLAN} localization systems. In this paper, we propose {3D} ray tracing as a way for automatically generating a highly accurate radio map. We compare this method to previously used propagation modeling-based methods like the Wall Attenuation Factor and {2D} ray tracing models. We evaluate the performance of each method and its computational cost in a typical residential environment. We also examine the sensitivity of the localization accuracy to inaccurate material parameters. Our results quantify the accuracy- complexity trade-off of the different proposed techniques with {3D} ray tracing giving the best localization accuracy compared to measurements with acceptable computational requirements on a typical {PC}.},
    author = {El-Kafrawy, K. and Youssef, M. and El-Keyi, A. and Naguib, A.},
    booktitle = {Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2010-Fall), 2010 IEEE 72nd},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316413},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2010.5594108},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=5594108},
    doi = {10.1109/VETECF.2010.5594108},
    institution = {Wireless Intell. Networks Center (WINC), Nile Univ., Cairo, Egypt},
    isbn = {978-1-4244-3573-9},
    issn = {1090-3038},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    pages = {1--5},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 16:47:54},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Propagation Modeling for Accurate Indoor {WLAN} {RSS}-Based Localization},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2010.5594108},
    year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{valenzuela93,
    abstract = {Several models exist for the statistical characterization of
microwave propagation within buildings. Statistical models do not
provide site-specific information. A hybrid model is proposed, in which
ray tracing is used to predict, at any given location, the local mean of
the received power and the delay profile. Variations about the mean
values can then be captured via a statistical description matched to the
local environment. An efficient {3-D} ray tracing algorithm is described
which accounts for all (transmitted as well as reflected) rays reaching
the receiver location after an arbitrary number of reflections. The
effects of the angle of incidence, the material dielectric constant and
the antenna patterns are included. The predicted values for the local
means of the received power are then compared against measurements to
establish the accuracy of this approach},
    author = {Valenzuela, R.},
    booktitle = {Vehicular Technology Conference, 1993 IEEE 43rd},
    citeulike-article-id = {8881023},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VETEC.1993.507047},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=507047},
    doi = {10.1109/VETEC.1993.507047},
    institution = {AT\&T Bell Lab., Holmdel, NJ},
    isbn = {0-7803-1267-8},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    location = {Secaucus, NJ, USA},
    month = may,
    pages = {214--218},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 17:46:13},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {A ray tracing approach to predicting indoor wireless transmission},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VETEC.1993.507047},
    year = {1993}
}

@misc{wilson02,
    author = {Wilson, Robert},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316467},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.ko4bb.com/Manuals/05)\_GPS\_Timing/E10589\_Propagation\_Losses\_2\_and\_5GHz.pdf},
    keywords = {materials},
    month = aug,
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 18:02:44},
    priority = {2},
    school = {University of Southern California},
    title = {Propagation losses through common building materials 2.4
{GHz} vs 5 {GHz}.},
    year = {2002}
}

@article{richalot00,
    abstract = {A rigorous method for analyzing building construction materials,
using finite-element techniques and an expansion of fields in Floquet's
modes, is presenteded in this paper. It allows us to precisely study the
electromagnetic properties of buildings walls in terms of transmission
and reflection characteristics, which can be useful in the design of
wireless communication systems. First, we present the influence of the
wall's parameters, namely, its thickness, the square side length, and
the steel diameter of a concrete grid. The influence of the angle of
arrival of the incident wave and the effect of considering the diffused
field on the electromagnetic properties are then presented},
    author = {Richalot, E. and Bonilla, M. and Wong, Man-Fai and Fouad-Hanna, V. and Baudrand, H. and Wiart, J.},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316468},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.826834},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=826834},
    doi = {10.1109/22.826834},
    institution = {Univ. of Marne-la-Vallee, Champs/Marne},
    issn = {0018-9480},
    journal = {Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on},
    keywords = {materials},
    month = mar,
    number = {3},
    pages = {357--366},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 18:05:44},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Electromagnetic propagation into reinforced-concrete walls},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.826834},
    volume = {48},
    year = {2000}
}

@inproceedings{rantala03,
    abstract = {This paper describes a study of how different walls and wall materials affect the attenuation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies {433MHz}, {868MHz}, {2.4GHz}, and {5.0GHz}. The attenuation of the transmitted signals has been studied by creating propagation models using an advanced computer tool. Concrete, wood, and plaster board are the studied wall materials. Furthermore, different wall thicknesses (0.15m, 0.20m, 0.25m, 0.30m, 0.40m) have been used. The long term goal of the research is to compile an easy-to-understand manual containing information on what kind of an effect do walls that differ by material and thickness have on the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. Thus, the simulation construction has been left fairly simple on purpose. Finally, an example of how the information can be used in practice is shown.},
    author = {Rantala, Ali P. and Ukkonen, L. and Syd\"{a}nheimo, L. and Keskilammi, M. and Kivikoski, M.},
    booktitle = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium},
    citeulike-article-id = {3040304},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1220085},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1220085},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1220085},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1220085},
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1220085},
    journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium},
    keywords = {materials},
    pages = {1020--1023 vol.3},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 18:04:51},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Different kinds of walls and their effect on the attenuation of radiowaves indoors},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1220085},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2003}
}

@ARTICLE{aroma10,
AUTHOR = "Ahmed Eleryan and Mohamed Elsabagh and Moustafa Youssef",
TITLE = "AROMA: Automatic Generation of Radio Maps for Localization Systems",
JOURNAL = "CoRR"
PAGES = {15},
YEAR = {2010}  }

@inproceedings{youssef07,
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    author = {Youssef, Moustafa and Mah, Matthew and Agrawala, Ashok},
    booktitle = {MobiCom '07: Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking},
    citeulike-article-id = {2338255},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1287853.1287880},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1287853.1287880},
    doi = {10.1145/1287853.1287880},
    isbn = {9781595936813},
    keywords = {device-free},
    pages = {222--229},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 19:45:49},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {ACM},
    title = {Challenges: device-free passive localization for wireless environments},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1287853.1287880},
    year = {2007}
}

@article{athanasiadou00,
    abstract = {A novel three-dimensional ({3-D}) ray-tracing model capable of
supporting detailed representation of the indoor environment, as well as
external building structures, is presented in this paper. The developed
algorithm uses a hybrid imaging technique where the two-dimensional
({2-D}) image generations in vertical and horizontal planes are combined
to produce {3-D} paths. It also employs the concept of  ” illumination
zones” of the images which greatly simplifies the image map and
allows the evaluation of complex indoor scenarios. In order to
investigate the accuracy of the presented model, comparisons of
predictions with narrow-band and wide-band measurements are performed in
line-of-sight ({LOS}), {non-LOS} ({NLOS}), and deep shadow areas, both for co-
and cross-polarized antennas. The analysis shows that accurate power
predictions can be achieved for both antenna polarizations with rms
errors less than 7 {dB}, even when long sections of the test route are in
deep shadow areas. There is a trend agreement between the simulated and
measured channel impulse responses, while the rms delay spread in {NLOS}
areas is predicted with less than 5-ns rms error (or better than 13\%
normalized mean error). The paper provides an insight into the real and
the modeled radio channel},
    author = {Athanasiadou, G. E. and Nix, A. R.},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316524},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.875222},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=875222},
    doi = {10.1109/25.875222},
    institution = {Bristol Univ.},
    issn = {0018-9545},
    journal = {Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    month = jul,
    number = {4},
    pages = {1152--1168},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 19:54:23},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {A novel {3-D} indoor ray-tracing propagation model: the path
generator and evaluation of narrow-band and wide-band predictions},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.875222},
    volume = {49},
    year = {2000}
}

@phdthesis{wang00,
    author = {Wang, Ying},
    citeulike-article-id = {10316528},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD\_0020/NQ53522.pdf},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    posted-at = {2012-02-05 20:03:14},
    priority = {2},
    school = {University of Waterloo},
    title = {{Site-Specific} Modeling of Indoor Radio Wave Propagation},
    year = {2000}
}

@article{widyawan08,
    abstract = {It is known that Particle Filter and Map Filtering techniques can be used to improve the performance of positioning systems, such as Pedestrian Dead Reckoning ({PDR}). In previous research on indoor navigation, it was generally assumed that detailed building plans were available. However, in many emer gency / rescue scenarios, there may be only limited building plan information on hand. The purpose of this paper is to show how a novel Backtracking Particle Filter ({BPF}) can be combined with different levels of building plan detail to improve {PDR} performance. We use real {PDR} stride length and blunder-prone stride azimuth data which were collected from multiple walks along paths in and out of a small office building. The {PDR} displacement data is input to the {BPF} estimator that in turn uses the building plan information to constrain particle motions. The {BPF} can take advantage of long-range (geometrical) constraint information and yields excellent positioning performance (1.32 m mean {2D} error) with detailed building plan information. More significantly, this same filter using only external wall information produces dramatically improved positioning performance (1.89 m mean {2D} error) relative to a {PDR}-only, no map base case (8.04 m mean {2D} error). This effect may very well occur for many other realistic wall layouts and path geometries. Moreover, this result has a substantial practical significance since this level of building plan detail could be quickly and easily generated in many emergency instances.},
    author = {Widyawan and Klepal, Martin and Beauregard, Stephane},
    booktitle = {5th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, 2008. WPNC 2008.},
    citeulike-article-id = {9343122},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WPNC.2008.4510376},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=4510376},
    comment = {1.3m mean 2d error},
    doi = {10.1109/WPNC.2008.4510376},
    isbn = {978-1-4244-1798-8},
    keywords = {evaluation},
    location = {Hannover, Germany},
    month = mar,
    pages = {207--212},
    posted-at = {2012-01-03 14:18:24},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {A Backtracking Particle Filter for fusing building plans with {PDR} displacement estimates},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WPNC.2008.4510376},
    year = {2008}
}

@article{nicoli10,
    abstract = {This paper deals with the problem of radio localization of moving
terminals ({MTs}) for indoor applications with mixed line-ofsight/
non-line-of-sight ({LOS}/{NLOS}) conditions. To reduce false localizations,
a Bayesian approach is proposed to estimate the {MT} position.
The tracking algorithm is based on a Hidden Markov Model
({HMM}) that permits to jointly track both the {MT} position and the
sight condition. Numerical results show that the proposed {HMM}
method improves the localization accuracy in {LOS}/{NLOS} indoor
environments.},
    author = {Nicoli, Monica B.},
    journal = {Eusipco 2005},
    keywords = {hmm},
    posted-at = {2012-01-02 15:11:58},
    priority = {2},
    school = {Politecnico di Milano},
    title = {HMM-BASED TRACKING OF MOVING TERMINALS IN DENSE MULTIPATH INDOORENVIRONMENTS},
    year = {2010}
}
}

@article{seitz2010,
    abstract = {We present an algorithm for pedestrian navigation
optimized for smart mobile platforms using the present low-cost
sensors and the limited processing power. The algorithm is based
on a Hidden Markov Model that combines {Wi-Fi} positioning
and dead reckoning. The hidden states are the positions of the
{Wi-Fi} fingerprints in the database. The state transition includes
dead reckoning based on step length estimation from acceleration
measurements and compass heading calculated from magnetic
field measurements. In the measurement update a database
correlation of the actual {Wi-Fi} signal strength measurements
with the stored values in the fingerprints has been performed. In
simulations and tests we demonstrate that in this way ambiguities
common in {Wi-Fi} positioning can be reduced. Therefor, higher
accuracy and robustness can be achieved.},
    author = {Seitz, Jochen; V.},
    citeulike-article-id = {10191916},
    day = {11},
    isbn = {978-1-4244-7158-4},
    journal = {Positioning Navigation and Communication},
    keywords = {evaluation, hmm},
    month = mar,
    number = {7th Workshop},
    pages = {120--127},
    posted-at = {2012-01-02 14:41:18},
    priority = {2},
    school = {Friedrich-Alexander University},
    title = {A Hidden Markov Model for Pedestrian Navigation},
    year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{woodman2008,
    abstract = {Location information is an important source of context for ubiquitous computing systems. This paper looks at how a foot-mounted inertial unit, a detailed building model, and a particle filter can be combined to provide absolute positioning, despite the presence of drift in the inertial unit and without knowledge of the user's initial location. We show how to handle multiple floors and stairways, how to handle symmetry in the environment, and how to initialise the localisation algorithm using {WiFi} signal strength to reduce initial complexity. We evaluate the entire system experimentally, using an independent tracking system for ground truth. Our results show that we can track a user throughout a 8725 m2 building spanning three floors to within 0.5m 75\% of the time, and to within 0.73 m 95\% of the time.},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    author = {Woodman, Oliver and Harle, Robert},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing},
    citeulike-article-id = {7073841},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1409635.1409651},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409635.1409651},
    doi = {10.1145/1409635.1409651},
    isbn = {978-1-60558-136-1},
    keywords = {pfilter},
    location = {Seoul, Korea},
    pages = {114--123},
    posted-at = {2012-02-06 19:29:21},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {ACM},
    series = {UbiComp '08},
    title = {Pedestrian localisation for indoor environments},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409635.1409651},
    year = {2008}
}

@inproceedings{wangh08,
    abstract = {Indoor {WLAN} positioning should be modeled as a nonlinear and {non-Gaussian} dynamic system due to the complex indoor environment, radio propagation and motion behaviour. The aim of this paper is to analyze different filtering strategies for real life indoor {WLAN} positioning systems. The performance criteria for the comparison are the mean of localization errors and computational complexity. Three nonlinear filters are analyzed: Fourier density approximation ({FF}), particle filter ({PF}) and grid-based filter ({GF}), which are representatives for deterministic and random density approximation approaches. Our experimental results help to choose the appropriate filtering techniques under different resource limitations.},
    author = {Wang, Hui and Szabo, A. and Bamberger, J. and Brunn, D. and Hanebeck, U. D.},
    booktitle = {Information Fusion, 2008 11th International Conference on},
    citeulike-article-id = {10318835},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=4632187},
    institution = {Corp. Technol., Inf. \& Commun., Siemens AG, Munich},
    isbn = {978-3-8007-3092-6},
    keywords = {pfilter},
    month = jun,
    pages = {1--7},
    posted-at = {2012-02-06 19:32:21},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Performance comparison of nonlinear filters for indoor {WLAN} positioning},
    year = {2008}
}

@inproceedings{wallbaum06,
    abstract = {Determining the context of users and machines is an important topic in current computing research. An essential detail of a physical object's context is its location, which includes both the actual position as well as the semantics of the surroundings. This paper focuses on the specific problem of determining the position of objects and people within buildings. A low-cost approach is based on wireless {LANs}, which are now widely deployed. The paper presents a sophisticated probabilistic algorithm for indoor positioning using wireless {LANs}, but also discusses the problems that need to be solved to make indoor geolocation commonplace},
    author = {Wallbaum, M. and Spaniol, O.},
    booktitle = {Modern Computing, 2006. JVA '06. IEEE John Vincent Atanasoff 2006 International Symposium on},
    citeulike-article-id = {1247316},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JVA.2006.28},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=4022034},
    doi = {10.1109/JVA.2006.28},
    institution = {Dept. of Comput. Sci., RWTH Aachen Univ.},
    isbn = {0-7695-2643-8},
    journal = {Modern Computing, 2006. JVA '06. IEEE John Vincent Atanasoff 2006 International Symposium on},
    keywords = {hmm},
    month = oct,
    pages = {17--26},
    posted-at = {2012-02-06 19:36:54},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {IEEE},
    title = {Indoor Positioning Using Wireless Local Area Networks},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JVA.2006.28},
    year = {2006}
}

@inproceedings{wallbaum04,
    author = {Wallbaum, Michael and Wasch, Torsten},
    booktitle = {WONS},
    citeulike-article-id = {1247331},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/ifip6/WallbaumW04},
    keywords = {hmm},
    pages = {1--15},
    posted-at = {2012-02-07 14:42:30},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Springer},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
    title = {Markov Localization of Wireless Local Area Network Clients.},
    volume = {2928},
    year = {2004}
}

@inproceedings{chen05,
    abstract = {{Wi-Fi} based indoor location systems have been shown to be both cost-effective and accurate, since they can attain meter-level positioning accuracy by using existing {Wi-Fi} infrastructure in the environment. However, two major technical challenges persist for current {Wi-Fi} based location systems, instability in positioning accuracy due to changing environmental dynamics, and the need for manual offline calibration during site survey. To address these two challenges, three environmental factors (people, doors, and humidity) that can interfere with radio signals and cause positioning inaccuracy are identified. Then, we have proposed a sensor-assisted adaptation method that employs {RFID} sensors and environment sensors to adapt the location systems automatically to the changing environmental dynamics. The proposed adaptation method performs online calibration to build multiple context-aware radio maps under various environmental conditions. Experiments were performed on the sensor-assisted adaptation method. The experimental results show that the proposed adaptive method can avoid adverse reduction in positioning accuracy under changing environmental dynamics.},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    author = {Chen, Yi C. and Chiang, Ji R. and Chu, Hao H. and Huang, Polly and Tsui, Arvin W.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems},
    citeulike-article-id = {791684},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1089466},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1089444.1089466},
    doi = {10.1145/1089444.1089466},
    isbn = {1-59593-188-0},
    keywords = {radio-propagation},
    location = {Montr\&\#233;al, Quebec, Canada},
    pages = {118--125},
    posted-at = {2012-02-09 12:49:39},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {ACM},
    series = {MSWiM '05},
    title = {Sensor-assisted wi-fi indoor location system for adapting to environmental dynamics},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1089444.1089466},
    year = {2005}
}

@inproceedings{photon06,
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    author = {Schmitz, Arne and Wenig, Martin},
    booktitle = {MSWiM '06: Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems},
    citeulike-article-id = {894269},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1164730},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1164717.1164730},
    doi = {10.1145/1164717.1164730},
    isbn = {1595934774},
    keywords = {raytracer},
    pages = {61--67},
    posted-at = {2012-02-14 10:17:03},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {ACM Press},
    title = {The effect of the radio wave propagation model in mobile ad hoc networks},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1164717.1164730},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{skiplist89,
    abstract = {Skip lists are data structures that use probabilistic balancing rather than strictly enforced balancing. As a result, the algorithms for insertion and deletion in skip lists are much simpler and significantly faster than equivalent algorithms for balanced trees.},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    author = {Pugh, William},
    citeulike-article-id = {1352856},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=78973.78977},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/78973.78977},
    doi = {10.1145/78973.78977},
    issn = {0001-0782},
    journal = {Commun. ACM},
    keywords = {algorithms},
    month = jun,
    number = {6},
    pages = {668--676},
    posted-at = {2012-02-20 17:49:55},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {ACM},
    title = {Skip lists: a probabilistic alternative to balanced trees},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/78973.78977},
    volume = {33},
    year = {1990}
}

@proceedings{wolfle05,
    abstract = {With the growing interest for broadband mobile services in mobile communication networks, the investigation of radio transmission in and into buildings is getting more important. Popular empirical and deterministic models for the propagation inside buildings compute the Field strength based on the inner structure of the buildings (walls, furniture). But for current and future wireless networks ({3G}, {B3G}, {W-LAN}, {WiMax},..), the neighboring buildings must also be considered to avoid interference problems in these buildings. Additionally the indoor coverage of outdoor transmitters must be analyzed to guarantee a high {QoS} even inside buildings. A new concept for the prediction of the field strength in such hybrid scenarios (urban and indoor) is presented in this paper. This new concept does not rely only on the direct ray (like empirical models) and it does not consider hundreds of rays for a single radio link (like ray tracing). The new model focuses on the most dominant path(s) between transmitter and receiver. The parameters of these paths are determined (e.g. path length, number and type of interactions, material properties of objects, ...) and are used for the prediction of the path loss. This model allows also the computation of the transition from an urban to an indoor scenario and vice versa, thus allowing an accurate computation of the received power inside and around buildings. For the validation of the new model, measurements were made},
    author = {Wolfle, G. and Wahl, R. and Wertz, P. and Wildbolz, P. and Landstorfer, F.},
    booktitle = {Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2005. PIMRC 2005. IEEE 16th International Symposium on},
    citeulike-article-id = {2898069},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2005.1651518},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1651518},
    doi = {10.1109/PIMRC.2005.1651518},
    journal = {Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2005. PIMRC 2005. IEEE 16th International Symposium on},
    keywords = {radio-propagation},
    pages = {659--663},
    posted-at = {2012-02-21 08:24:31},
    priority = {2},
    title = {Deterministic Propagation Model for the Planning of Hybrid Urban and Indoor Scenarios},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2005.1651518},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2005}
}


@ARTICLE{ behnel2010cython,
    author={Behnel, S. and Bradshaw, R. and Citro, C. and Dalcin, L. and Seljebotn, D.S. and Smith, K.}, 
    journal={Computing in Science Engineering},
    title={Cython: The Best of Both Worlds}, 
    year={2011}, 
    month=march-april , 
    volume={13}, 
    number={2}, 
    pages={31 -39}, 
    keywords={Cython language;Fortran code;Python language extension;numerical loops;programming language;C language;numerical analysis;}, 
    doi={10.1109/MCSE.2010.118}, 
    ISSN={1521-9615},
}